Norway 2023 (December 10th - December 22nd)

The coastline of Norway is pocketed with deep-water fjords. Fjords are waterways carved by the movement of glaciers from thousands of years ago. These scars within the land and sea can reach as deep as 4,000 meters and are home to a variety of bizarre and fascinating creatures. Life at these depths have evolved amazing methods of bioluminescence to not only illuminate their dark world but also communicate with each other. OceanX embarks on a mission to send the first submersibles to explore the waters of Masfjorden and Sognefjorden to unlock the mysteries of bioluminescence in the cold sea.

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Bioluminescence

The Brisingid starfish are a family of deep-sea dwelling echinoderms that can attain lengths of up to 1 meter, featuring 10-12 arms. A distinguishing characteristic of this family is their bioluminescence, the functional significance of which remains largely enigmatic. Researchers from UiB hypothesize that the Brisingids in Norway produce bioluminescent eggs to widen the spatial extent of their population. This luminescence potentially serves to attract fish, facilitating the ingestion and subsequent dispersal of the eggs through excretion. While collecting Brisingids at a depth of approximately 300 meters, researchers identified a potentially novel species of Brisingid starfish attached to the seawall. The specimen was delicately retrieved using the ROV and will undergo further taxonomic analysis onshore.

Additionally, submersible and ROV operations captured footage of lantern sharks, employing an optical lure designed to simulate the bioluminescent patterns exhibited by these elasmobranchs. The footage obtained during the dive will be subjected to detailed analysis and review by the shore-based research team.

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Kelp Forests: Blue Carbon

Kelp forests provide extensive ecological services within their surrounding ecosystem, including food provision, habitat, and nutrient cycling. Notably, one of their most critical functions is carbon sequestration, achieved through the absorption of carbon dioxide and its subsequent deposition in sediment when kelp reaches the end of its life cycle. However, kelp forests are often overlooked in the conversation around climate change mitigation and blue carbon conversations. With the support of OceanX, researchers have collected comprehensive samples from designated kelp forests and have obtained striking footage to construct a visually compelling narrative that highlights the crucial role kelp forests play in our marine ecosystems and global climate.

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Science Accomplishments

  • New species of Brisingid starfish observed and collected
  • New species of benthic jellyfish discovered
  • Over 6,000 organisms sampled from the vertical towed net representing 60 species and multiple unknown species.
  • Photomosaic of coastal kelp coverage created using drone flights
  • First time subs and ROV deployed into Masfjorden and Sognefjorden
  • Multiple kelp samples collected from 11 scuba collection dives
  • 9 ROV dives
  • 10 submersible dives
  • 6 CTD casts

Publications

Eyes, Vision, and Bioluminescence in Deep-Sea Brisingid Sea Stars

Garm, A., Hamilton, O., Glenner, H., Irwin, A. R., & Mah, C. (2024). Eyes, Vision, and Bioluminescence in Deep-Sea Brisingid Sea Stars. The Biological Bulletin, 245(1), 33–44. https://doi.org/10.1086/729983